Affect 3d galactic limit2/28/2024 In this case, the argument behind the GZK limit does not apply in the originally simple form: however, as Greisen noted, the giant dipole resonance also occurs roughly in this energy range (at 10 EeV/nucleon) and similarly restricts very long-distance propagation. Measurements by the largest cosmic-ray observatory, the Pierre Auger Observatory, suggest that most ultra-high energy cosmic rays are heavier elements known as HZE ions. The precise GZK limit is derived under the assumption that ultra-high energy cosmic rays are protons. For example, one extreme-energy cosmic ray, the Oh-My-God Particle, which has been found to possess a record-breaking 3.12 ×10 20 eV (50 joules) of energy (about the same as the kinetic energy of a 95 km/h baseball). The limit is at the same order of magnitude as the upper limit for energy at which cosmic rays have experimentally been detected, although indeed some detections appear to have exceeded the limit, as noted below. The limit is set by the slowing effect of interactions of the protons with the microwave background radiation over long distances (≈ 160 million light-years). The limit is 5 ×10 19 eV (50 EeV), or about 8 joules (the energy of a proton travelling at ≈ 99.999 999 999 999 999 999 98% the speed of light). The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit ( GZK limit or GZK cutoff) is a theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons traveling from other galaxies through the intergalactic medium to our galaxy. Theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons
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